越える (koeru) conjugation
to exceed, to cross over, to cross
越える (こえる, koeru) is an ichidan verb. Ichidan verbs are the tidy ones: drop the final る and add the ending. Nothing inside the word ever changes. Every form below is tappable — hear it, then say it back.
Conjugation table
| Form | Plain (casual) | Polite (~ます) | When you use it |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dictionary / plain | 越える koeru | 越えます koemasu | The form you look up. Also the casual present and future. |
| Plain negative | 越えない koenai | 越えません koemasen | “doesn’t / won’t”. From here it conjugates like an i-adjective. |
| Plain past | 越えた koeta | 越えました koemashita | The casual past — same ending as the te-form, with た/だ. |
| Plain past negative | 越えなかった koenakatta | 越えませんでした koemasendeshita | “didn’t”. The negative past, still i-adjective-shaped. |
| Te-form | 越えて koete | — | The connector: requests, linking clauses, ~ている. |
| Progressive (~ている) | 越えている koeteiru | 越えています koeteimasu | “is ~ing”, or an ongoing resulting state. |
| Desire (~たい) | 越えたい koetai | 越えたいです koetaidesu | “want to ~”. Behaves as an i-adjective. |
| Volitional | 越えよう koeyou | 越えましょう koemashou | “let’s ~” / “I think I’ll ~”. |
| Potential | 越えられる koerareru | 越えられます koeraremasu | “can ~”. What you could do; the object often takes が. |
| Passive | 越えられる koerareru | 越えられます koeraremasu | “is ~ed”. Also the honorific and the suffering passive. |
| Causative | 越えさせる koesaseru | 越えさせます koesasemasu | Make or let someone do it. |
| Causative-passive | 越えさせられる koesaserareru | 越えさせられます koesaseraremasu | Be made to do it — the long one. |
| Imperative | 越えろ koero | 越えてください koetekudasai | Blunt order. Use ~てください in real life. |
| Prohibitive | 越えるな koeruna | — | “don’t!” — dictionary form + な. |
| Conditional (~ば) | 越えれば koereba | — | “if ~”. General rules and hypotheticals. |
| Conditional (~たら) | 越えたら koetara | — | “if / when ~”. The everyday conditional. |
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Why it conjugates this way
Ichidan verbs are the tidy ones: drop the final る and add the ending. Nothing inside the word ever changes.
See the full rules on the verb conjugation guide.